Image-based extraction for vascular trees

ABSTRACT

An accurate analysis of the spatial distribution and intravascular pattern of blood flow in any organ must be based on interpolated gradient located within back plane detailed morphometry (diameters, lengths, of cube defined by neighboring voxels vessel numbers, branching pattern, branching angles, etc.) of the organ vasculature. Despite the significance of detailed morphometric data, there is relative scarcity of database on vascular anatomy, mainly because the process is extremely labor intensive. Novel methods in the form of a segmentation algorithm for semi-automation of morphometric data extraction are provided. The extraction algorithm is based on a topological analysis of a vector field generated by the normal vectors of the extracted vessel wall. With this approach, special focus is made on achieving the highest accuracy of the measured values, with excellent results when compared to manual measurements of the main trunk of the coronary arteries with microscopy.

PRIORITY

The present application is related to and claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/881,837, entitled“IMAGE-BASED EXTRACTION FOR VASCULAR TREES,” filed Jan. 23, 2007.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure of the present application relates generally to medicalimaging, and more particularly, to mapping of the vascular system.

Analysis of spatial perfusion of blood flow of any organ requiresdetailed morphometry on the geometry (including, but not limited to,diameters, lengths, number of vessels, etc.) and the correspondingbranching patterns (including, but not limited to, three-dimensional(3D) angles, connectivity of vessels, etc.). Despite the significance ofmorphometric data for understanding spatial distribution of blood flowand hemodynamics, the data are relatively sparse. One of the majorreasons for the scarcity of morphometric data is the tremendous laborrequired to obtain such data. Reconstructing and counting a significantnumber of vessels in most organs is an extremely labor-intensiveendeavor. As such, what is needed to accomplish the same result is thedevelopment of a labor-saving methodology.

Several approaches for extracting curve-skeletons or medial axes can befound in the literature. Different studies can be found on segmentationof volumetric data sets. Representative approaches include surfaceextraction based on an energy function using the image gradient,deformable meshes, hysteresis thresholding and region growing, m-reps,skeletons composed of atoms (hubs) connected to the surface, anddistance to the vessel wall combined with a penalty function. Forexample, and to improve the segmentation, Lei et al. (Artery-veinseparation via MRA—An image processing approach. IEEE Trans Med Imaging,20(8):689-703, 2001) deployed fuzzy connectedness to segment vessels anddistinguish between arteries and veins, while Chung et al. (Vascularsegmentation of phase contrast magnetic resonance angiograms based onstatistical mixture modeling and local phase coherence. IEEE Trans MedImaging, 23(12):1490-1507, 2004) used different mixture models. Gan etal. (Statistical cerebrovascular segmentation in three-dimensionalrotational angiography based on maximum intensity projections. MedPhys., 32(9):3017-3028, 2005) analyzed the maximum intensitydistribution to identify optimal thresholds to extract vessels from aseries of maximum intensity projections. By using an atlas, Passat etal. (Region-growing segmentation of brain vessels: An atlas-basedautomatic approach. J Magn Reson Imaging., 21(6):715-725, 2005) dividedthe human brain into different areas to optimize a region growingsegmentation of brain vessels. Subsequently, the atlas was refined byadding morphological data, such as vessel diameter and orientation, toextract a vascular tree from phase contrast MRA data. Centerlinesextracted using the algorithm by Aylward et al. (Initialization, noise,singularities, and scale in height ridge traversal for tubular objectcenterline extraction. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 21(2):61-75, 2002) basedon intensity ridge traversal were smoothed using a B-spline-basedapproach to get smoother results. Zhang et al. (Automatic detection ofthree-dimensional vascular tree centerlines and bifurcations inhigh-resolution magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol.,40(10):661-671, 2005) described a centerline extraction algorithm basedon Dijkstra's algorithm using a distance-field cost function. The jaggedlines that typically result from voxel-based centerline extractionalgorithms were smoothed using either cubic splines or Chebyshevpolynomials. Other artifacts from the results of a 3D thinningalgorithm, such as cycles, spurs, and non-unit-width parts, can beremoved by using an approach by Chen et al. (Automatic 3D vascular treeconstruction in CT angiography. Comput Med Imaging Graph.,27(6):469-479, 2003). Ukil et al. (Smoothing lung segmentation surfacesin three-dimensional X-ray CT images using anatomic guidance. AcadRadiol., 12(12):1502-1511, 2005) introduced a smoothing approach forairways of a lung based on an ellipsoidal kernel before segmenting andthinning the 3D volumetric image.

To describe a geometric model of the vessels of brain data sets, Volkauet al. (Geometric Modeling of the Human Normal Cerebral Arterial System.IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 24(4):529-539, 2005) used thecenterline and radii to describe cylinders. The centerlines weresmoothed using average filtering to avoid self-intersections of thecylinders. The surfaces of the cylinders were modeled following aCatmull-Clark sub-division surface approach. For extracting centerlinesfrom volumetric images, topology- or connectivity-preserving thinning isa common approach. By using the Hessian of the image intensity, Bulletet al. (Symbolic description of intracerebral vessels segmented frommagnetic resonance angiograms and evaluation by comparison with X-rayangiograms. Med Image Anal., 5(2):157-169, 2001) developed a ridge linedetection method to identify centerlines. Once the centerline isdetermined, quantitative data, such as lengths, areas, and angles, canbe extracted as shown by Martinez-Perez et al. (Retinal vascular treemorphology: a semi-automatic quantification. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng.,49(8):912-917, 2002) and Wan et al. (Multi-generational analysis andvisualization of the vascular tree in 3D micro-CT images. Comput BiolMed., 32(2):55-71, 2002). A detailed data structure for building anairway tree was described by Chaturvedi et al. (Three-dimensionalsegmentation and skeletonization to build an airway tree data structurefor small animals. Phys Med Biol., 50(7):1405-1419, 2005). Recently,Nordsletten et al. (Structural morphology of renal vasculature. Am JPhysiol Heart Circ Physiol., 291(1):H296-309, 2006) proposed an approachthat segments vessels of rat kidney based on iso-surface computation.Using the surface normals, the surface projects to the center of thevessels, while a snake algorithm collects and connects the resultingpoint cloud. To analyze the branching morphology of the rat hepaticportal vein tree, Den Buijs et al. (Branching morphology of the rathepatic portal vein tree: A Micro-CT Study. Ann Biomed Eng, 13, 2006)compared the radii and branching angles of the vessels to a theoreticalmodel of dichotomous branching.

Software-based analysis and computation of the vector field of avascular tree has traditionally been slow and cumbersome. Some methodsbegin with all voxels of a volumetric image and use a thinning techniqueto shrink down the object to a single line. Ideally, the topology of theobject should be preserved as proposed by Lobregt et al.(Three-dimensional skeletonization: principle and algorithm. IEEETransactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2(1): 75-77,1980), which is the basic technique used in commercial software systems,such as Analyze™ (AnalyzeDirect, Inc., Overland Park, Kans.). Thedisadvantage of this approach is that it tends to produce jagged lineswhich do not allow accurate measurements of branch angles. Luboz et al.(A segmentation and reconstruction technique for 3D vascular structures.MICCAI 2005, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3749:43-50, 2005) used athinning-based technique to determine vessel radii and lengths from aCTA scan. A smoothing filter was employed to eliminate the jaggedness ofthe thinning process and the results were validated using a siliconphantom. A standard deviation of 0.4 mm between the computed and theactual measurements was reported for a scan with similar resolution asthat used in the embodiments of the disclosure of the presentapplication.

The disadvantage of thinning algorithms is that they can only be appliedto volumetric data sets. Since the approach presented herein is notbased on voxels it can be applied to non-volumetric data; i.e., it isalso applicable to geometric data sets, such as those obtained fromlaser scans. Furthermore, the location of the centerline is determinedat a higher numerical precision since its defining points are not boundto a single voxel. This also helps avoid the jagged representation ofthe centerlines.

Other approaches use the distance transform or distance field in orderto obtain a curve-skeleton. For each point inside the object, thesmallest distance to the boundary surface is determined. For example,fast marching methods can be employed to compute the distance field.Voxels representing the centerlines of the object are identified byfinding ridges in the distance field. The resulting candidates must thenbe pruned first. The resulting values are connected using a pathconnection or minimum span tree algorithm. The distance field can alsobe combined with a distance-from-source field to compute a skeleton.Similar to thinning approaches, these methods are voxel-based and tendto generate the same jagged centerlines. This implies that a centerlinecan deviate from its original location by up to half a voxel due to thenumerical representation. The approach of the disclosure of the presentapplication does not suffer from this problem as it uses a highernumerical precision for the determination of centerlines.

A more recent method by Cornea et al. (Computing hierarchicalcurve-skeletons of 3D objects. The Visual Computer, 21(11):945-955,2005) computes the distance field based on a potential similar to anelectrical charge and then uses a 3D topological analysis to determinethe centerlines. This approach, however, suffers from a fewdisadvantages when applied to CT scanned volumetric images. For example,it is computationally intensive such that computing the distance fieldalone would take several months. Furthermore, due to the rare occurrenceof 3D singularities used as starting point for topological analysis,additional criteria have to be imposed. The method of the disclosure ofthe present application avoids this by linearly interpolating the vectorfield within the vessels and by performing a two-dimensional (2D)topological analysis in cross sections of the vessels only. This resultsin a significantly shorter computational time for generation of datawhich is very important for large data sets.

In addition to the foregoing, techniques based on Voronoi diagramsdefine a medial axis using the Voronoi points. Since this approachusually does not result in a single line but rather a surface shapedobject, the points need to be clustered and connected in order to obtaina curve-skeleton. Voronoi-based methods can be applied to volumetricimages as well as point sets. Due to the fact that clustering of theresulting points is required, these approaches lack accuracy. Inaddition, they tend to create points outside the object itself if thereis an open or missing area within the object's boundary. These methodsusually tend to extract medial surfaces rather than single centerlines.Hence, clustering of the resulting points is required which in turn mayintroduce numerical errors.

For extracting centerlines from volumetric images, geometry-basedapproaches are preferable over voxel-based approaches. Due to thediscrete nature of a voxel of the volumetric image, the location of thecenterline can have an error of half a voxel. Geometry-based methods donot have this problem. Nordsletten et al. determined normal vectorsbased on an iso-surface computed using the volumetric image. Thesenormal vectors are projected inward. The resulting point cloud is thencollected and connected by a snake algorithm. Since this methodestimates the normal vectors, the center of the vessel is notnecessarily in the direction of the normal vector. Hence, the computedcenterline may not be absolutely accurate. The disclosure of the presentapplication utilizes a technique based upon a vector field analysis withvectors pointing toward the vessel center. This method disclosed hereinis more lenient with regard to vector direction while still findingaccurate center points. The technique of the disclosure of the presentapplication compensates for this type of error automatically. It istherefore expected that a more precise computation of center points ispossible. The approach based on a 3D vector field analysis proposed byCornea et al. results in a very accurate computation of the centerlines.The only difficulty with this approach is that computing the centerlinesfor a CT scanned volumetric image of the size 512 by 512 by 200 wouldtake several months, which renders it inapplicable.

What is needed is a technique for extracting vascular structures fromvolumetric images that does not suffer from some of the drawbacks ofconventional methods, is efficient, easy to use, intuitive, and based onmore physiological conditions than prior techniques.

SUMMARY

The disclosure of the present application is capable of extractingvascular structures from volumetric images and computing diameters ofthe vessels in a more efficient manner. The validation of the computeddiameters by comparing the computed values with manually measureddiameters demonstrates the accuracy of the method. The method itself isnot only capable of extracting the main trunk, but also the entirevascular tree. Hence, the approach allows the extraction of accuratequantitative data for the entire vasculature.

The disclosure of the present application introduces a system forextracting and measuring tubular objects from volumetric imagery of CTimages of porcine coronary arteries. The present disclosure identifiesthe vessels and determines the centerlines of those vessels; i.e., itreduces the entire vasculature to a curve-skeleton. This in turn allowsthe system to compute the vessel radius at any given point as thedistance between the centerline and the vessel wall. Furthermore, thepresent disclosure is validated against manually determined opticalmeasurements of vessel diameters to assess its accuracy. Hence, thedisclosure of the present application represents the first validation ofa segmentation algorithm with actual vessel casts measured optically.

The disclosure of the present application provides a computer programproduct that utilizes a less computationally intensive way of computingthe vector field. In addition, the topological analysis of the 2D vectorfields within cross-sectional areas of the vessels can be computed moreefficiently. This allows the processing of a CT scanned data set withina few hours which potentially can be reduced by optimization of the codemaking it more efficient. In addition to requiring less computationaltime, the proposed algorithm does not require the introduction ofartificial starting points for the topological analysis, as thesingularities defining the centerlines are generated by projecting thevector field onto the cross-sectional areas of the vessels.

In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method forextracting a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vessel having alocal center and a boundary is provided, the method comprising the stepsof segmenting vessels within the volumetric image to identify aplurality of points, determining a boundary of the plurality of pointsby moving the points along a gradient direction so that the points arelocated at a maximal gradient, computing a tetrahedrization of theplurality of points located at the maximal gradient along the boundary,computing a vector field of the plurality of points so that the vectorswithin the vector field point inwards toward the local center of thevessel, computing points using topological analysis of the vector fieldto identify center points within the vessel, and connecting the centerpoints based upon topology of the tetrahedrization to create acenterline of the vessel within the volumetric image.

In another embodiment, the segmentation step is performed based onvolumetric image gradients. In yet another embodiment, the step ofcomputing a tetrahedrization of a plurality of points utilizes theimplementation of a Delaunay tetrahedrization algorithm. In anadditional embodiment, the step of computing a tetrahedrization of aplurality of points further utilizes tri-linear interpolation within oneor more tetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of a plurality ofpoints.

In at least one embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, thestep of computing a vector field of the plurality of points determines arepulsive force field utilizing points on the boundary of the vessel,the repulsive force field generated by a force field within the vesselby electrically charging the boundary of the vessel. In yet anotherembodiment, the step of computing a vector field of the plurality ofpoints defines a vector by using an identified point and pointsneighboring the identified point to define a plane approximated by theidentified point and points neighboring the point. In a furtherembodiment, the plane comprises a normal, the normal defining anorthogonal vector corresponding to the identified point. In anotherembodiment, the step of computing a vector field of the plurality ofpoints utilizes a vector field defined by three vectors located at thevertices of a triangle. In yet another embodiment, the step of computinga vector field of the plurality of points computes barycentriccoordinates of a point within a triangle. In yet another embodiment, thebarycentric coordinates are used as weights for linearly combining thethree vectors to compute an interpolated vector.

In at least one embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, thestep of computing a vector field of the plurality of points utilizes acomputation so that the vectors within the vector field are orthogonalto the boundary of the vessel. In an additional embodiment, the step ofcomputing a vector field of the plurality of points further utilizes acomputation to linearly interpolate the vectors within the vector field.In yet another embodiment, the step of computing a vector field of theplurality of points utilizes an analysis of a matrix, whereby the matrixand a vector from the vector field describe a linear map. In anadditional embodiment, the vector field is a linear vector field of type1 and the matrix is diagonalizable. In yet another embodiment, thevector field is selected from the group consisting of saddlesingularity, node singularity, and focus singularity. In a furtherembodiment, the vector field is a linear vector field of type 2. In yetanother embodiment, the vector field is selected from the groupconsisting of center singularity and spiral singularity.

In at least one embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, thevector field is a linear vector field of type 3. In another embodiment,the vector field is an improper node singularity. In yet anotherembodiment, the step of computing points using topological analysis ofthe vector field to identify center points within the vessel comprisesthe computation of a topology of a vector field defined on the faces ofa tetrahedralized set of points. In an additional embodiment, the stepof computing points using topological analysis of the vector field isperformed by computing singularities within the vector fieldinterpolated within each faces of one or more tetrahedra generated bythe tetrahedrization of a plurality of points.

In at least one embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, thestep of computing points using topological analysis of the vector fieldis performed by identifying focus singularities and/or spiralsingularities within one or more faces of one or more tetrahedralgenerated by the tetrahedrization of a plurality of points. In anadditional embodiment, the step of computing points using topologicalanalysis of the vector field is performed after the vectors within thevector field are projected onto one or more faces of one or moretetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of a plurality of points.In another embodiment, the vectors within the vector field are projectedonto one or more faces of one or more tetrahedra at the vertices of thetriangles comprising one or more tetrahedral, and whereby the step ofcomputing points using topological analysis of the vector fieldcomprises linear interpolation. In yet another embodiment, the diameterof the vessel at a particular location is computed as the distancebetween a center point and a first vessel boundary multiplied by two. Inan additional embodiment, the step of comparing the diameter of thevessel at a particular location is computed by the method to a diameterof the vessel identified by optical measurements to determine anypotential statistical variations between the two diameters.

In at least one embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, themethod further comprises the step of filling gaps occurring betweencenter points within the vessel. In another embodiment, the filling stepis performed by identifying tetrahedral close to a gap having a centerpoint at each end, and by determining individual fractions of a linecontained within one or more tetrahedra. In yet another embodiment, thegap is filled if the sum of the individual fractions equals one. In anadditional embodiment, the diameter of the vessel at a particularlocation is computed as the distance between a center point and a firstvessel boundary plus the distance between the same center point and asecond vessel boundary opposite the first vessel boundary.

In at least one embodiment of a method extracting a curve-skeleton ofthe present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of obtaining avolumetric image of a vasculature, and extracting a boundary of thevolumetric image using a gradient threshold, the boundary comprising aplurality of points. In another embodiment, the method further comprisesthe step of moving the plurality of points along a gradient direction.In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises the step ofdetermining a plurality of vectors orthogonal to a surface of theboundary from the plurality of points. In an additional embodiment, thestep of determining a plurality of vectors is determined by deriving aleast-square fit of a plurality of neighboring points to the pluralityof points and utilizing a plurality of vectors.

In at least one embodiment of a method extracting a curve-skeleton of anobject of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps ofextracting a boundary of the object, the boundary having a surface,computing a vector field, the vector field being orthogonal to theobject's boundary surface, and determining the curve-skeleton byapplying topological analysis to the vector field. In anotherembodiment, the method further comprises the step of automaticallyclosing gaps between segments of the curve-skeleton. In yet anotherembodiment, the extracting step involves the extraction of a vasculatureof a specimen. In an additional embodiment, the extracting step occursonly after the specimen has been perfused and CT-scanned. In a furtherembodiment, the vasculature is defined by a volumetric image, thevolumetric image consisting of voxels aligned along a three-dimensionalgrid.

In at least one embodiment of a method of computing image gradients ofthe present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of identifying aset of voxels, neglecting all voxels within the set of voxels having agradient length below a predetermined threshold length, and comparingremaining voxels to neighboring voxels to identify local maxima alongthe gradient. In another embodiment, the local maxima are identified bydetermining the gradients of neighboring voxels in positive and negativedirections. In yet another embodiment, the local maxima are identifiedby comparing the gradients of neighboring voxels in positive andnegative directions to one another. In even another embodiment, thelocal maxima are identified by determining a zero of a first derivativeof a parabolic curve.

In at least one embodiment of a method of computing image gradients ofthe present disclosure, the neighboring voxels define a cube having aboundary, wherein the boundary comprises gradients, and wherein thegradients on the boundary of the cube are interpolated linearly todetermine an approximation of the desired gradients. In anotherembodiment, a voxel within the set of voxels defines a neighborhoodcomprising twenty-six voxels forming the shape of a cube surrounding theoriginal voxel. In yet another embodiment, the method further comprisesthe step of processing the local maxim along the gradient to identify acurve skeleton.

In at least one embodiment of a system for extracting a curve-skeletonfrom a volumetric image of a vessel having a local center and a boundaryof the present disclosure, the system comprises a processor, a storagemedium operably connected to the processor, the storage medium capableof receiving and storing morphometric data, wherein the processor isoperable to segment vessels within the volumetric image to identify aplurality of points, determine a boundary of the plurality of points bymoving the points along a gradient direction so that the points arelocated at a maximal gradient, compute a tetrahedrization of theplurality of points located at the maximal gradient along the boundary,compute a vector field of the plurality of points so that the vectorswithin the vector field point inwards toward the local center of thevessel, compute points using topological analysis of the vector field toidentify center points within the vessel, and connect the center pointsbased upon topology of the tetrahedrization to create a centerline ofthe vessel within the volumetric image. In another embodiment, thesegmentation is performed based on volumetric image gradients. In yetanother embodiment, the computation of a tetrahedrization of a pluralityof points utilizes the implementation of a Delaunay tetrahedrizationalgorithm. In an additional embodiment, the computation of atetrahedrization of a plurality of points further utilizes tri-linearinterpolation within one or more tetrahedra generated by thetetrahedrization of a plurality of points. In yet an additionalembodiment, the computation of a vector field of the plurality of pointsdetermines a repulsive force field utilizing points on the boundary ofthe vessel, the repulsive force field generated by a force field withinthe vessel by electrically charging the boundary of the vessel.

In at least one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, thecomputation of a vector field of the plurality of points defines avector by using an identified point and points neighboring theidentified point to define a plane approximated by the identified pointand points neighboring the point. In an additional embodiment, the planecomprises a normal, the normal defining an orthogonal vectorcorresponding to the identified point. In another embodiment, thecomputation of a vector field of the plurality of points utilizes avector field defined by three vectors located at the vertices of atriangle. In yet another embodiment, the computation of a vector fieldof the plurality of points computes barycentric coordinates of a pointwithin a triangle.

In at least one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, thebarycentric coordinates are used as weights for linearly combining thethree vectors to compute an interpolated vector. In another embodiment,the computation of a vector field of the plurality of points utilizes acomputation so that the vectors within the vector field are orthogonalto the boundary of the vessel. In yet another embodiment, thecomputation of a vector field of the plurality of points furtherutilizes a computation to linearly interpolate the vectors within thevector field. In an additional embodiment, the computation of a vectorfield of the plurality of points utilizes an analysis of a matrix,whereby the matrix and a vector from the vector field describe a linearmap. In even an additional embodiment, the vector field is a linearvector field of type 1 and the matrix is diagonalizable. In anadditional embodiment, the vector field is selected from the groupconsisting of saddle singularity, node singularity, and focussingularity.

In at least one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, thevector field is a linear vector field of type 2. In another embodiment,the vector field is selected from the group consisting of centersingularity and spiral singularity. In yet another embodiment, thevector field is a linear vector field of type 3. In an additionalembodiment, the vector field is an improper node singularity.

In at least one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, thecomputation of points using topological analysis of the vector field toidentify center points within the vessel comprises the computation of atopology of a vector field defined on the faces of a tetrahedralized setof points. In another embodiment, the computation of points usingtopological analysis of the vector field is performed by computingsingularities within the vector field interpolated within each faces ofone or more tetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of a pluralityof points. In yet another embodiment, the computation of points usingtopological analysis of the vector field is performed by identifyingfocus singularities and/or spiral singularities within one or more facesof one or more tetrahedral generated by the tetrahedrization of aplurality of points. In an additional embodiment, the computation ofpoints using topological analysis of the vector field is performed afterthe vectors within the vector field are projected onto one or more facesof one or more tetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of aplurality of points.

In at least one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, thevectors within the vector field are projected onto one or more faces ofone or more tetrahedra at the vertices of the triangles comprising oneor more tetrahedral, and whereby the step of computing points usingtopological analysis of the vector field comprises linear interpolation.In another embodiment, the diameter of the vessel at a particularlocation is computed as the distance between a center point and a firstvessel boundary multiplied by two. In yet another embodiment, theprocessor is further operable to compare the computed diameter of thevessel at a particular location to a diameter of the vessel identifiedby optical measurements to determine any potential statisticalvariations between the two diameters. In an additional embodiment, theprocessor is further operable to fill gaps occurring between centerpoints within the vessel. In another embodiment, the filling step isperformed by identifying tetrahedral close to a gap having a centerpoint at each end, and by determining individual fractions of a linecontained within one or more tetrahedra. In an additional embodiment,the gap is filled if the sum of the individual fractions equals one.

In at least one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, thediameter of the vessel at a particular location is computed as thedistance between a center point and a first vessel boundary plus thedistance between the same center point and a second vessel boundaryopposite the first vessel boundary. In another embodiment, the systemfurther comprises a program stored upon the storage medium, said programoperable by the processor upon the morphometric data. In yet anotherembodiment, the system comprises a user system and a server system, andwherein the user system and the server system are operably connected toone another.

In at least one embodiment of a system for extracting a curve-skeletonof the present disclosure, the system comprises a processor, a storagemedium operably connected to the processor, the storage medium capableof receiving and storing morphometric data, wherein the processor isoperable to obtain a volumetric image of a vasculature, and ext ract aboundary of the volumetric image using a gradient threshold, theboundary comprising a plurality of points. In another embodiment, theprocessor is further operable to move the plurality of points along agradient direction. In yet another embodiment, the processor is furtheroperable to determine a plurality of vectors orthogonal to a surface ofthe boundary from the plurality of points. In a further embodiment, thedetermination of a plurality of vectors is determined by deriving aleast-square fit of a plurality of neighboring points to the pluralityof points and utilizing a plurality of vectors. In an additionalembodiment, the system further comprises a program stored upon thestorage medium, said program operable by the processor upon themorphometric data. In even another embodiment, the system comprises auser system and a server system, and wherein the user system and theserver system are operably connected to one another.

In at least one embodiment of a system for extracting a curve-skeletonfrom a volumetric image of a vessel of the present disclosure, thesystem comprises a processor, a storage medium operably connected to theprocessor, the storage medium capable of receiving and storingmorphometric data, wherein the processor is operable to extract aboundary of the object, the boundary having a surface, compute a vectorfield, the vector field being orthogonal to the object's boundarysurface, and determine the curve-skeleton by applying topologicalanalysis to the vector field. In another embodiment, the processor isfurther operable to automatically closing gaps between segments of thecurve-skeleton. In an additional embodiment, the extraction of aboundary of the object involves the extraction of a vasculature of aspecimen. In another embodiment, the extraction of a boundary of theobject occurs only after the specimen has been perfused and CT-scanned.In yet another embodiment, the vasculature is defined by a volumetricimage, the volumetric image consisting of voxels aligned along athree-dimensional grid. In a further embodiment, the system furthercomprises a program stored upon the storage medium, said programoperable by the processor upon the morphometric data. In even anotherembodiment, the system comprises a user system and a server system, andwherein the user system and the server system are operably connected toone another.

In at least one embodiment of a system for extracting a curve-skeletonfrom a volumetric image of a vessel of the present disclosure, thesystem comprises a processor, a storage medium operably connected to theprocessor, the storage medium capable of receiving and storingmorphometric data, wherein the processor is operable to identify a setof voxels, neglect all voxels within the set of voxels having a gradientlength below a predetermined threshold length, and compare remainingvoxels to neighboring voxels to identify local maxima along thegradient. In another embodiment, the local maxima are identified bydetermining the gradients of neighboring voxels in positive and negativedirections. In yet another embodiment, the local maxima are identifiedby comparing the gradients of neighboring voxels in positive andnegative directions to one another.

In at least one embodiment of a system for extracting a curve-skeletonfrom a volumetric image of a vessel of the present disclosure, the localmaxima are identified by determining a zero of a first derivative of aparabolic curve. In another embodiment, the neighboring voxels define acube having a boundary, wherein the boundary comprises gradients, andwherein the gradients on the boundary of the cube are interpolatedlinearly to determine an approximation of the desired gradients. In yetanother embodiment, a voxel within the set of voxels defines aneighborhood comprising twenty-six voxels forming the shape of a cubesurrounding the original voxel. In an additional embodiment, the systemfurther comprises the step of processing the local maxim along thegradient to identify a curve skeleton. In another embodiment, the systemfurther comprises a program stored upon the storage medium, said programoperable by the processor upon the morphometric data. In yet anotherembodiment, the system comprises a user system and a server system, andwherein the user system and the server system are operably connected toone another.

In at least one embodiment of a program having a plurality of programsteps to be executed on a computer having a processor and a storagemedium to extract a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vesselhaving a local center and a boundary of the present disclosure, theprogram is operable to segment vessels within the volumetric image toidentify a plurality of points, determine a boundary of the plurality ofpoints by moving the points along a gradient direction so that thepoints are located at a maximal gradient, compute a tetrahedrization ofthe plurality of points located at the maximal gradient along theboundary, compute a vector field of the plurality of points so that thevectors within the vector field point inwards toward the local center ofthe vessel, compute points using topological analysis of the vectorfield to identify center points within the vessel, and connect thecenter points based upon topology of the tetrahedrization to create acenterline of the vessel within the volumetric image. In anotherembodiment, the processor is further capable of calculating the vesselradius at any given point as the distance between the centerline of thevessel and the boundary.

In at least one embodiment of a program having a plurality of programsteps to be executed on a computer having a processor and a storagemedium to extract a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vesselhaving a local center and a boundary of the present disclosure, theprogram is operable to obtain a volumetric image of a vasculature, andextract a boundary of the volumetric image using a gradient threshold,the boundary comprising a plurality of points.

In at least one embodiment of a program having a plurality of programsteps to be executed on a computer having a processor and a storagemedium to extract a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vesselhaving a local center and a boundary of the present disclosure, theprogram is operable to extract a boundary of the object, the boundaryhaving a surface, compute a vector field, the vector field beingorthogonal to the object's boundary surface, and determine thecurve-skeleton by applying topological analysis to the vector field.

In at least one embodiment of a program having a plurality of programsteps to be executed on a computer having a processor and a storagemedium to extract a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vesselhaving a local center and a boundary of the present disclosure, theprogram is operable to identify a set of voxels, neglect all voxelswithin the set of voxels having a gradient length below a predeterminedthreshold length, and compare remaining voxels to neighboring voxels toidentify local maxima along the gradient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary flow chart outlining basic steps of analgorithm according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show direct comparisons for typical specimensbetween manually measured and computed diameters for the LAD artery, theLCX artery, and the RCA, respectively, according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C show comparisons between the manually measured andcomputed diameters for a series of specimens with respect to the LADartery, the LCX artery, and the RCA, respectively, according to at leastone embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4A shows a saddle singularity of a vector field includingsurrounding flow according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4B shows a node singularity of a vector field including surroundingflow according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4C shows a focus singularity of a vector field includingsurrounding flow according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4D shows a center singularity of a vector field includingsurrounding flow according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4E shows a spiral singularity of a vector field includingsurrounding flow according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4F shows an improper node singularity of a vector field includingsurrounding flow according to at least one embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 5A shows an exemplary determination of the sub-voxel precision of avoxel and its neighboring voxels according to at least one embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 5B shows an exemplary computation of the local maximum for thegradient according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary volume rendering of a Microfil perfusedporcine heart scanned using a CT scanner according to at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary curve-skeleton of the porcine heart data setaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8A shows a sub-section of the porcine heart data set visualized asa volume rendered image according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 8B shows a sub-section of the porcine heart data set visualized asan extracted curve-skeleton according to at least one embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 8C shows an example tetrahedrization with outside tetrahedraremoved according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8D shows an example of a cross-section of a cylindrical objectaccording to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 9 shows a morphometric data extraction system according to at leastone embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure of the present application discloses system and methodfor extracting vessels from a CT image. For the purposes of promoting anunderstanding of the principles of the present disclosure, referencewill now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, andspecific language will be used to describe the same. It willnevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of thepresent disclosure is thereby intended.

In at least one embodiment of the disclosure of the present application,a method is provided to identify the vessels and determine thecenterlines of those vessels, i.e., reducing the vasculature to astick-like curve-skeleton. In at least one embodiment of the disclosureof the present application, a computer program product that computes thevessel radius at any given point as the distance between the centerlineand the vessel wall, as well as the angles between vessels, is provided.Furthermore, the method is validated against manually determined opticalmeasurements of vessel diameters to assess its accuracy.

The algorithm of the present disclosure utilizes a less computationallyintensive method of computing the vector field. In addition, thetopological analysis of the 2D vector fields within cross-sectionalareas of the vessels can be computed more efficiently compared toprevious topology-based methods. This allows a system according to thedisclosure of the present application to process a CT scanned data setwithin a few hours which potentially can be further reduced byoptimization of the code. In addition, the proposed algorithm does notrequire the introduction of artificial starting points for thetopological analysis. In fact, the singularities defining thecenterlines are generated by projecting the vector field onto thecross-sectional areas of the vessels.

According to at least one embodiment of the disclosure of the presentapplication, CT images of coronary arteries are acquired. In oneexperimental example, five hearts from normal Yorkshire swine of eithersex with body weight of 34.3-42.1 kg were studied. The animals werefasted overnight, and ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and atropine at adose of 0.05 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly before endotrachealintubation. The animals were ventilated using a mechanical respiratorand general anesthesia was maintained with 1-2% isoflurane and oxygen.The chest of each animal was opened through a midsternal thoracotomy,and an incision was made in the pericardium to reach the heart. Theanimals were then deeply anesthetized followed by an injection of asaturated potassium chloride (KCl) solution through the jugular vein torelax the heart. The aorta was clamped to keep air bubbles from enteringthe coronary arteries, and the heart was excised and placed in a salinesolution. The left anterior descending (LAD) artery, the right coronaryartery (RCA) and the left circumflex (LCX) artery were cannulated undersaline to avoid air bubbles and perfused with cardioplegic solution toflush out the blood. The three major arteries (LAD, RCA and LCX) wereindividually perfused at a pressure of 100 mmHg with three differentcolors of Microfil (MV-112, MV-117, and MV-120, Flow Tech Inc., Carver,Mass.), mixed with Cab-O-Sil (Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass.) to blockthe capillaries resulting in the filling of only the arterial tree toprecapillary levels. After the Microfil was allowed to harden for 45 to60 minutes the hearts were refrigerated in saline solution until the dayof the CT scan. The scans were made axially (120 mAs 120 kV, 0.6×0.6×1.0mm) on a 16 slice scanner (Siemens SOMATOM Sensation 16, Siemens MedicalSolutions USA, Inc., Malvern, Pa.)

To obtain optical measurements of the vessel trunks after the CT scanwas performed, the cast hearts were immersed and macerated in 30%potassium hydroxide solution for three to four days to remove the tissueand obtain a cast of the major coronary arteries and their branches. Thetrunk of the LAD, RCA and LCX casts were then photographed using adissection microscope and a Nikon color digital camera. For eachphotograph, the diameter of the three main trunks were measured at eachbranch from the proximal artery to where the trunk becomes <1 mm indiameter. The optical measurements of the diameters along the length ofthe trunk were made using SigmaScan Pro 5 software (Systat Software,Inc., San Jose, Calif.). The measurements were then compared to thevalues retrieved from the extraction algorithm provided below.

The disclosure of the present application proposes a computer-assistedextraction of morphometric data from one or more CT volumetric images inseveral steps. At least one embodiment of such a process is shown inFIG. 1, whereby the steps of an exemplary process 100 are provided. Thealgorithm, described in further detail below, first segments the vesselswithin the volumetric image based on the image gradients via gradientbased segmentation step 102. In order to get a more accuraterepresentation of the vessel boundary, the points resulting from thesegmentation step 102 are moved along the gradient direction in such away that they are located at the maximal gradient via determinesub-voxel precision step 104. This provides a more precise and smootherrepresentation at the sub-voxel level of the boundary compared to usingthe original voxel locations. The vectors are then computed via computevector field step 108 for every point on the boundary detected by theprevious step in such a way that all vectors are pointing inwards to thecenter of the vessel. In the simplest case, the image gradients can beused at the boundary. Using a tri-linear interpolation, a vector fieldcovering the inside of the vasculature can be computed after atetrahedrization of all the boundary points is determined via computetetrahedrization step 106. Finally, the points on the centerlines arecomputed using a topological analysis of the vector field within thecross sectional area of the vessels via determine topology step 110 andare connected based on the topology of the tetrahedrization via connectpoints step 112. This results in a precise representation of thecenterlines of all vessels within the volumetric image via centerlinesof vasculature step 114. The vessel radii are then computed as thedistance between the center and the major boundary. The major trunkdefined along the larger diameter at each bifurcation was determined andcompared to the manual optical measurements via compute morphometricdata step 116. It can be appreciated that the exemplary process 100described herein may comprise one or more of the aforementioned steps,and is not limited to the specific steps in the order as presentedherein.

In practice, the algorithm for extraction of curve-skeletons asdisclosed herein consists of several steps as referenced above. Sincethe vasculature is given as a volumetric image, the boundary isextracted on a gradient threshold. To increase accuracy, the points arethen moved along the gradient direction to achieve sub-pixel precisionas previously described. The vectors orthogonal to the vascular boundarysurface are then determined based on a least-square fit of a plane of aset of neighboring points. The respective normal vectors, or gradientvectors are then computed. Subsequently, the point cloud wastetrahedralized so that the resulting tetrahedra can be used tointerpolate the vector field using the previously determined vectors atthe vertices. Tetrahedra that were located outside the object aregenerally not considered when extracting the curve-skeleton. Finally,the topology is determined on every face resulting in points on thecurve-skeleton. By connecting the points found within two neighboringtetrahedra, the complete curve-skeleton can be generated and the radiicomputed as the distance between the centerline and the boundary surfaceof the vessel. A detailed description of all steps involved in thealgorithm is provided herein along with the theoretical foundation forthe methodology as disclosed herein.

The choice of the initial threshold of the gradient only influences thesmallest vessel detected. Hence, a more optimal choice of this thresholdcan lead to smaller vessels being visualized (limited by the scannerresolution). However, the location of the vessel boundary that isidentified by the algorithm is not influenced by this threshold. As aconsequence, choosing a different threshold does not change thequantitative measurements and their accuracy.

To find an optimal threshold, the first step of the algorithm wasexecuted. If sufficient vessel boundaries were not identified, thethreshold was decreased. In case of too much noise, the threshold wasincreased. After few iterations, an appropriate threshold value wasfound and the same threshold was used for all data sets.

In some instances, the method fails to connect a smaller vessel to thelarger branch at the bifurcation. Since the center lines of the vesselsare computed properly, the gap closing step is capable of connectingmost of these bifurcations properly. Furthermore, a clear definition ofa vessel segment is necessary in order to avoid false bifurcations.Since the algorithm of the disclosure of the present application isdesigned based on topological analysis, a vessel that forks off of abranch is required to have a considerable length in order to bedetected. As a result, the presented technique tends to pick up lessfalse bifurcations due to bumps in the vessel boundary compared toalgorithms based on Voronoi diagrams. In addition, the present analysisis simplified by casting of the arterial side only without therespective veins.

To perform data and statistical analysis for the five hearts, theposition along the RCA, LAD and LCX arteries was normalized with respectto the total length (from the inlet of the artery down to 1 mm indiameter). Hence, the results were expressed in terms of fractionallongitudinal position (FLP), ranging from zero to one. The data for boththe independent variables (FLP) and dependent variables (diameter) werethen divided into 20 equal intervals: 0-0.05, 0.06-0.1, 0.11-0.15 . . .0.9-0.95, 0.96-1.0. The results were expressed as means±1 SD (standarddeviation) over each interval. The root mean square (rms) error andaverage deviation between computer-based and optical measurements weredetermined. Paired t-tests for the three trunks separately were used todetect possible differences between groups and intervals. For this, theaverage measurements of the optical and computer-based methods for allhearts pooled together were used within each interval.

The algorithm of the present disclosure was first validated on a simple,computer-generated phantom data-set that included a tubular-shapedobject. Since the data set was computer-generated, the location of thecenterlines and the diameters were known and any effects of the scanningstep were avoided. The centerline was extracted and the radiidetermined. This test indicated that both the centerlines as well as thediameters were extracted accurately at an average error of 0.7% and rmserror of 0.03%. For true validation, the coronary arterial CT imageswere used, as shown in FIG. 6, referenced in further detail herein. Theproposed algorithm extracted the curve-skeleton from the volumetric dataset to identify the centerlines of the vessels and to extractmorphometric data. The extracted curve-skeleton describes thecenterlines of the arterial vessels found within the data set. Whenusing a sub-section of the porcine coronary image, it can be seen thatthe curve-skeleton is well defined and located at the center of thearterial vessels, as shown in FIG. 8B referenced in further detailherein. Based on the centerlines, the vessel lengths were determined asthe length of the centerline while the vessel radii were computed as thedistance between the centerline and the vessel wall. The overall lengthsof the main trunks measured from the beginning of the most proximalartery to the end of approximately 1 mm diameter vessel ranged from 8.4cm to 10.7 cm for LCX, 10 cm to 13.8 cm for LAD, and 11.2 cm to 18.7 cmfor RCA. The average diameters for LAD, LCX and RCA were determined as2.52 mm, 2.78 mm and 3.29 mm, respectively.

In order to validate the results derived from the CT images, the manualoptical measurements were compared to the computed values for the maintrunks of the LAD, LCX, and RCA branches. The direct comparison of thediameter values retrieved by extracting the three vessel branches fromthe CT scanned images and the optical measurements using the castpolymer verify the accuracy of the algorithm disclosed herein. FIG. 2Ashows a typical example of the LAD trunk for one representative heartaccording to at least one embodiment of the disclosure of the presentapplication. As can be seen from the two curves, the diameters that weremanually measured (dashed line) correspond with the diameters determinedby the software system (solid lines) very well. Computer-based CT andoptical measurements are both plotted together in this graph. The lengthof this branch down to the point of scan resolution (˜1 mm) was 9.9 cm.Once the diameter is <1 mm, the agreement is less satisfactory. This isnot surprising since the voxel resolution of the CT scan is about 0.6 mmwithin the slices and 1.0 mm between slices. Hence, the accuracy ofdiameters below 1 mm are somewhat questionable since they would bedescribed by less than a single voxels within the volumetric image. Nostatistically significant differences exist between the two measurements(p>0.05). FIGS. 2B and 2C show the results for the LCX and RCA branch ofthe same heart, respectively, according to at least one embodiment ofthe disclosure of the present application. The lengths of these brancheswere 8.4 cm and 11.4 cm, respectively. According to paired t-test, thep-values for the three major trunks were 0.23 (LAD), 0.76 (LCX), and0.64 (RCA). The distance to the proximal artery was used as a referenceto compare the optical diameter measurements to the image-extractedvalues.

In order to facilitate a direct comparison between the manually measureddata and the computed values, the data were normalized along the lengthto a scale between zero and one. The inlet of the artery was identifiedas zero, while the point at which the trunk reached 1 mm diameter wasset to one. FIGS. 3A-3C show a comparison of the manually measured (x)and computer-based (+) diameters for all five hearts. The horizontalbars represent the standard deviation (SD) within each bin with respectto the measured lengths. Similarly, the SD of diameter values withineach bin is shown as a vertical bar. The computer-based algorithmsampled more measurements as compared to the optical method. As aresult, there is a larger variation in the FLP for the computer-basedmethod. As can be seen from FIGS. 3A-3C, the manually measured diametersagree very well with the computer-generated values. There were nostatistically significant differences between the two sets ofmeasurements at each interval (paired t-test per interval p>0.05,averaged for all five hearts). Furthermore, the rms error between thetwo measurements of all vessels is 0.16 mm (0.21 mm for LAD, 0.14 mm forLCX, and 0.11 mm for RCA) which is <10% of the mean average value withaverage deviation of 0.08 mm (0.11 mm for LAD, 0.08 mm for LCX, and 0.05mm for RCA). The rms error of the measurements computed using thepresented technique of 0.16 mm are also more precise compared to othertechniques found in the literature, where the rms error ranges from0.2-0.6 mm with scans of similar resolutions (0.6×0.6×0.6 mm).

Regarding the computer-assisted extraction of morphometric data from CTvolumetric images, an exemplary system of the disclosure of the presentapplication is provided. The proposed software system uses a Gaussianmatrix to compute the image gradients. Therefore, the resultinggradients are smoothed to reduce any remaining noise in the boundaryrepresentation. This also reduces the error that occurs whenevergradients are computed close to gaps within the vessel boundary. Due tothe use of vector field topology methods for determining center points,the algorithm tends to be less sensitive to errors in the gradients ascompared to methods that project the boundary onto the center pointsdirectly. In the analysis disclosed herein, gaps within the vesselboundary only occurred for very small vessels with diameters close tothe size of a voxel due to partial volume effects. It should be notedthat all three methods result in vectors pointing to the inside of theobject.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown a diagrammatic view of anembodiment of morphometric data extraction system 900 of the presentdisclosure. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, morphometric dataextraction system 900 comprises user system 902. In this exemplaryembodiment, user system 902 comprises processor 904 and one or morestorage media 906. Processor 904 operates upon data obtained by orcontained within user system 902. Storage medium 906 may containdatabase 908, whereby database 908 is capable of storing and retrievingdata. Storage media 906 may contain a program (including, but notlimited to, database 908), the program operable by processor 904 toperform a series of steps regarding morphometric data as described infurther detail herein. By way of example, the program may be operable byprocessor 904 to analyze morphometric data, including the analysis ofsuch data in accordance with the equations and formulas describedherein.

Any number of storage media 906 may be used with morphometric dataextraction system 900 of the present disclosure, including, but notlimited to, one or more of random access memory, read only memory,EPROMs, hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, optical disk drives,cartridge media, and smart cards, for example. As related to user system902, storage media 906 may operate by storing morphometric data foraccess by a user and/or for storing computer instructions. Processor 904may also operate upon data stored within database 908.

Regardless of the embodiment of morphometric data extraction system 900referenced herein and/or contemplated to be within the scope of thepresent disclosure, each user system 902 may be of variousconfigurations well known in the art. By way of example, user system902, as shown in FIG. 9, comprises keyboard 910, monitor 912, andprinter 914. Processor 904 may further operate to manage input andoutput from keyboard 910, monitor 912, and printer 914. Keyboard 910 isan exemplary input device, operating as a means for a user to inputinformation to user system 902. Monitor 912 operates as a visual displaymeans to display the morphometric data and related information to a userusing a user system. Printer 914 operates as a means to displaymorphometric data and related information. Other input and outputdevices, such as a keypad, a computer mouse, a fingerprint reader, apointing device, a microphone, and one or more loudspeakers arecontemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. It can beappreciated that processor 904, keyboard 910, monitor 912, printer 914and other input and output devices referenced herein may be componentsof one or more user systems 902 of the present disclosure.

It can be appreciated that morphometric data extraction system 900 mayfurther comprise one or more server systems 916 in bidirectionalcommunication with user system 902, either by direct communication(shown by the single line connection on FIG. 9), or through a network918 (shown by the double line connections on FIG. 9) by one of severalconfigurations known in the art. Such server systems 916 may compriseone or more of the features of a user system 902 as described herein,including, but not limited to, processor 904, storage media 906,database 908, keyboard 910, monitor 912, and printer 914, as shown inthe embodiment of morphometric data extraction system 900 shown in FIG.9. Such server systems 916 may allow bidirectional communication withone or more user systems 902 to allow user system 902 to accessmorphometric data and related information from the server systems 916.It can be appreciated that a user system 902 and/or a server system 916referenced herein may be generally referred to as a “computer.”

In addition, and regarding the computer-assisted extraction ofmorphometric data from CT volumetric images, and before illustrating thealgorithm used to extract quantitative information from the CT scannedvolumetric images, the theoretical foundation of the methodology will beoutlined. Hence, the next sections briefly summarize the main ideas of2D vector field topology.

Regarding topological analysis of vector fields, the algorithm describedherein uses the topology of a vector field defined on the faces of atetrahedralized set of points. Thus, the vector field is defined bythree vectors located at the vertices of a triangle. The vector fieldinside the triangles is interpolated linearly by computing thebarycentric coordinates of the point within the triangle. Thesecoordinates are then used as weights for linearly combining the threevectors defined at the vertices of the triangle to compute theinterpolated vector. The advantage of such a linear interpolation is aneasier classification of topological features as described as follows.

Critical points are an important feature from a topological point ofview since they are used as starting points for the topologicalanalysis. Let v be a given vector field v:W→R³ with W∪R³ as defined on aface of a tetrahedron. Let further x₀εW be a point where the vectorfield vanishes, i.e. v(x₀)=0. Then x₀ is considered a critical point ofthe vector field v. Several terms are used synonymously for criticalpoints, including, but not limited to, singularities, singular points,zeros, or equilibrium. In topological analysis, the zeroes of theinterpolating vector field are of particular interest. Based on theeigenvalues of the matrix of the interpolating vector field, thesecritical points can be separated into different groups. Within eachgroup, the vector field assumes similar characteristics. Due to the factthat linear interpolation is used to interpolate across a face of atetrahedron; i.e., a triangle, the vector field v can be described inthis case by a matrix and a displacement vector. Therefore, a linear mapA: W→R³ described by the 3×3 matrix A and a vector bεR³ can be foundsuch that it describes the given vector field v (i.e., v(x)=Ax+b for allxεW). Then, singularities can be identified by directly solving theequation Ax+b=0. There cannot be more than one singularity locatedwithin one triangle when using linear interpolation. For the case b=0,one considers the vector field described by Ax homogenous linear.Without loss of generality, one may assume homogenous linear vectorfields in the further discussion of the theory of vector field topologythroughout the present disclosure.

Singularities can be classified using the eigenvalues of theinterpolating matrix A regarding their property of attracting orrepelling the surrounding flow. If all eigenvalues have negative realparts, the singularity is considered a sink which attracts thesurrounding flow. On the other hand, if all eigenvalues have positivereal parts, the singularity is a source that repels the surroundingflow. A proof for this classification can be found in a treatise byHirsch and Smale (Differential equations, dynamical systems and linearalgebra. Academic Press, 1974). Further analysis of matrix A leads toseveral types of vector fields distinguished by their major propertiesof the flow, i.e., the behavior of the streamlines within this vectorfield. In order to compute a streamline, the Cauchy problem has to besolved with initial problem x(o)=k, kεR³:

$\begin{matrix}{{\frac{\;}{t}{x(t)}} = {{Ax}(t)}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

It can be proven that the solution to the Cauchy problem for a linearvector field can be described by an exponential function:

$\begin{matrix}{x = {{^{tA}k\mspace{14mu} {with}\mspace{14mu} ^{A}} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{\prime}}{i!}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Different categories of vector fields can then be distinguished based onwhether the matrix A is diagonalizable. This leads to three maincategories which are described below.

Regarding the linear vector fields of type 1, the matrix A isdiagonalizable, i.e., the eigenvalues λ and μ are real. Thus, it issimilar to a matrix B where there exists an invertible matrix P withB=PAP⁻¹, of the following structure:

$\begin{matrix}{B = \begin{pmatrix}\lambda & 0 \\0 & \mu\end{pmatrix}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

Due to the structure of the matrix B, a streamline x(t) with initialcondition k=(k₁, k₂) can be computed in a vector field described by sucha matrix using the following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{{x(t)} = \begin{pmatrix}{^{t\; \lambda}k^{1}} \\{^{t\; \mu}k_{2}}\end{pmatrix}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

By computing streamlines we generate a phase portrait of the differentcases of vector fields within this category. Three different types arepossible as distinguished by the eigenvalues of the interpolating matrixA. The first case, where λ>0>μ, results in a saddle singularity. Anexample saddle singularity is depicted in FIG. 4A. The second case,described by an eigenvalue configuration of λ<μ<0, described a nodesingularity as shown in FIG. 4B. The last case with two identicaleigenvalues is the focus singularity. FIG. 4C shows a focus singularitywith λ=μ<0. The examples shown here are mainly of sinks. However, thesame types of singularities may occur with sources. The only differenceis in the sign of the eigenvalues, i.e., multiplying the eigenvalues by−1 results in the same singularities as sources by simply reversing theflow.

Regarding the linear vector fields of type 2, the two eigenvalues of thematrix A have a non-imaginary part, i.e., A is similar to the followingmatrix:

$\begin{matrix}{B = \begin{pmatrix}a & {- b} \\b & a\end{pmatrix}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

When substituting the values a and b in the above matrix by introducingnew values θ and r, namely,

r=√{square root over (a+b ²)}  (6)

θ=arc cos(a/r)

the matrix B can be rewritten as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{B = {\begin{pmatrix}a & {- b} \\b & a\end{pmatrix} = {\begin{pmatrix}r & 0 \\0 & r\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}{\cos \; \theta} & {{- \sin}\; \theta} \\{\sin \; \theta} & {\cos \; \theta}\end{pmatrix}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

A vector field described by such a matrix has a strong rotationalcomponent. Consequently, a streamline x(t) with initial condition k=(k₁,k₂) may be computed using the following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{{x(t)} = {^{ta} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}{{k_{1}{\cos ({tb})}} - {k_{2}{\sin ({tb})}}} \\{{k_{1}{\sin ({tb})}} + {k_{2}{\cos ({tb})}}}\end{pmatrix}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

A center singularity results if a=0 which is described by a phaseportrait that consists of streamlines forming concentric circles withthe singularity as their center. An example center singularity diagramis shown in FIG. 4D. Otherwise, a spiral singularity is described withstreamlines spiraling around the singularity and then eventually endingup at the singularity itself may result, an example of which shown inFIG. 4E.

Regarding the linear vector fields of type 3, if the matrix A is notdiagonalizable and the two eigenvalues are equal (λ=μ), then A issimilar to the following matrix:

$\begin{matrix}{B = \begin{pmatrix}\lambda & 0 \\1 & \lambda\end{pmatrix}} & (9)\end{matrix}$

By splitting up the matrix B into two components, we obtain:

$\begin{matrix}{B = {\begin{pmatrix}\lambda & 0 \\1 & \lambda\end{pmatrix} = {{\lambda \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\0 & 1\end{pmatrix}} + \begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 \\1 & 0\end{pmatrix}}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

It can be shown that a streamline with initial condition k=(k₁, k₂)integrated through such a vector field can be described by:

$\begin{matrix}{{x(t)} = {^{t\; \lambda} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}k_{1} \\{{k_{1}t} + k_{2}}\end{pmatrix}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

This case resembles an improper node singularity as depicted in FIG. 4F.

Regarding topological analysis, the topological graph (or simply“topology”) of a vector field describes the structure of the flow orphase portrait. Separatrices are used to separate the areas of the flowinto regions with similar behavior. Separatrices may be computed byintegrating streamlines emerging from saddle singularities in directionof the eigenvalues of the interpolating matrix. The topological graphthen consists of the singularities and the separatrices. More complextopological features exist, such as closed streamlines, which can actsimilarly to singularities due to their attracting or repellingproperties.

Regarding the methodology for extracting quantitative information, thealgorithm for determining the curve-skeleton consists of several steps.Since the object is given as a volumetric CT-scanned image, the objectboundary must be extracted first. Then, a vector field is computed thatis orthogonal to the object's boundary surface. Once the vector field iscomputed, the curve-skeleton can be determined by applying a topologicalanalysis to this vector field. In a last optional step, gaps betweensegments of the curve-skeleton can be closed automatically. Thefollowing paragraphs explain these steps in detail.

Regarding the extraction of an object boundary, the CT-scannedvasculature is defined by a volumetric image. A volumetric imageconsists of voxels aligned along a regular 3D grid. It is generally notlikely that the boundaries of the vessels are exactly located at thesevoxels. Hence, better precision can be achieved by finding the exactlocation in between a set of voxels. Since an accurate representation ofthe object boundary is crucial to the algorithm, improvement of theprecision is an essential step. The method used within the describedsystem uses similar techniques as described by Canny's non-maximasuppression but extended to three dimensions.

First, the image gradients are computed. Using a fixed threshold, allvoxels with a gradient length below this threshold are neglected. Thegradients of the remaining voxels are then compared to their neighborsto identify local maxima along the gradient. In 3D, the directneighborhood of a single voxel generally consists of 26 voxels forming acube that surrounds the current pixel. In order to find the localmaximum along the current gradient, the gradients of the neighboringvoxels in positive and negative directions have to be determined. Whenusing 2D images, nearest neighbor interpolation of these gradients maywork but yield incorrect results in a 3D volumetric image. Therefore,the gradients on the boundary of the cube formed by the neighboringvoxels are interpolated linearly to determine a better approximation ofthe desired gradients. The example shown in FIG. 5A explains this inmore detail where the current voxel marked as a triangle and the directneighbors forming a cube are shown. The current gradient is extended tothe faces of the cube starting at the current voxel. The resultingintersections, marked as diamonds, define the locations for which thegradients have to be interpolated so that the maximal gradient can bedetermined. The current implementation of the described system useslinear interpolation. The best results can be achieved by the use of ananisotropic diffusion filter. The five data sets used in this study werenot pre-filtered.

Once the neighboring gradients in positive and negative direction of thecurrent gradient are computed, these are compared in order to find thelocal maxima. Thus, if the length of the current gradient is larger thanthe length of both of its neighbors the local maximum can be calculatedsimilar to the 2D case. When interpolated quadratically, the threegradients together form a parabolic curve along the direction of thecurrent gradient as shown in FIG. 5B. In general, the current gradientis larger than the interpolated neighbors since only local maxima wereconsidered in this step. Hence, the local maximum can be identified bydetermining the zero of the first derivative of the parabolic curve.Determining all local maxima within the volumetric image in this fashionthen results in a more accurate and smoother approximation of the objectboundary with sub-voxel precision. Once all points on the boundary areextracted from the volumetric image using this gradient approach withsub-voxel precision, the resulting point cloud can be further processedin order to identify the curve-skeleton.

Regarding the determination of a vector field, the method disclosedherein computes a curve-skeleton by applying a topological analysis to avector field that is determined based on the geometric configuration ofthe object of which the curve-skeleton is to be determined. The vectorfield is computed at the identified points on the vessel boundary insuch a way that the vectors are orthogonal to the vessel boundarysurface. Based on these vectors, the vector field inside the vessels iscomputed using linear interpolation.

Different approaches are possible for calculating such a vector field. Arepulsive force field can be determined that uses the surrounding pointson the object's boundary surface. The repulsive force is definedsimilarly to the repulsive force of a generalized potential field. Thebasic idea is to simulate a potential field that is generated by theforce field inside the object by electrically charging the objectboundary. Alternatively, we may define a normal vector and therespective plane. The normal of this plane then defines the orthogonalvector corresponding to the current point.

Since these are volumetric data sets, the image gradients can be used todefine the vectors on the boundary surface. These image gradients arepreviously determined as they are needed for extraction of the boundary.Since the points are only moved along the direction of the imagegradient when determining the sub-voxel precision, this image gradientis still orthogonal to the boundary surface and therefore represents agood approximation for the desired vector field. Note that all threemethods result in vectors pointing to the inside of the object.

Regarding the determination of a curve-skeleton, and in order todetermine the curve-skeleton of the object, a tetrahedrization of allpoints on the object boundary is computed first. For this, Si's fastimplementation of a Delaunay tetrahedrization algorithm is used (Aquality tetrahedral mesh generator and three-dimensional Delaunaytriangulator. WIAS Technical Report No. 9, 2004). This algorithm resultsin a tetrahedrization of the entire convex hull defined by the set ofboundary points. Thus, it includes tetrahedra that are locatedcompletely inside the vessels but also tetrahedra that are completelyoutside of the vessels and connect two vessels. By using the previouslycomputed vectors that point to the inside of the vasculature, outsidetetrahedra can be distinguished from tetrahedra that are located insidethe vessels. Hence, all outside tetrahedra can be removed, leaving aDelaunay tetrahedrization of the inside of the vasculature only. Notethat this step also closes small gaps that may exist since tetrahedracovering these gaps will still have vectors attached to the verticeswhich point inward. Since vectors are known for each vertex of everytetrahedron, the complete vector field can be computed using thistetrahedrization by linear interpolation within each tetrahedron. Thisvector field is then used to identify points of the curve-skeleton whichare then connected with each other. The vectors of the remainingtetrahedra are non-zero (the tetrahedron would be removed otherwise).Thus, the trivial vector field where the vectors are zero inside theentire tetrahedron does not occur. FIG. 8C shows an example of thetetrahedrization in accordance with the disclosure of the presentapplication with outside tetrahedra removed as previously described fora small vessel with a diameter of about three voxels. Based on thistetrahedrization and associated vector field, center lines 800 can beidentified.

Once the vector field is defined within the entire object, one could usean approach similar to the one used by Cornea et al. and compute the 3Dtopological skeleton of the vector field which yields the curve-skeletonof the object. Since singularities are very rare in a 3D vector field,Cornea et al. introduced additional starting points for theseparatrices, such as low divergence points and high curvature points,to obtain a good representation of the curve-skeleton. Therefore, adifferent approach is described herein that analyzes the vector field onthe faces of the tetrahedra.

In order to perform a topological analysis on the faces of thetetrahedra, the vector field has to be projected onto those faces first.Since tri-linear interpolation is used within the tetrahedra, it issufficient to project the vectors at the vertices onto each face andthen interpolate linearly within the face using these newly computedvectors. Based on the resulting vector field, a topological analysis canbe performed on each face of every tetrahedron.

Points on the curve-skeleton can be identified by computing thesingularities within the vector field interpolated within every face ofthe tetrahedrization. For example, for a perfectly cylindrical object,the vector boundary points directly at the center of the cylinder. Whenexamining the resulting vector field at a cross section of the cylinder,a focus singularity is located at the center of the cylinder within thiscross section. The location of this focus singularity resembles a pointon the curve-skeleton of the cylinder. Hence, a singularity within aface of a tetrahedron indicates a point of the curve-skeleton. Since thevectors at the boundary point inwards, only sinks need to be consideredin order to identify the curve-skeleton. Since not all objects arecylindrical in shape and given the numerical errors and tolerances,points on the curve-skeleton can be identified from sinks (i.e.,attracting singularities) that resemble focus and spiral singularities.FIG. 8D illustrates an example for a cylindrical object for which across-section (a slice perpendicular to the object) is shown inaccordance with the disclosure of the present application. There are twolarge triangles that connect two opposite sides of the object. Based onthese triangles, which resemble faces of tetrahedra of thetetrahedrization, center point 802 can be identified based on thetopological analysis within these triangles.

Obviously, only faces that are close to being a cross-section of theobject should be considered in order to identify points on thecurve-skeleton. To determine such cross-sectional faces, the vectors atthe vertices can be used. If the vectors at the vertices, which areorthogonal to the object boundary, are approximately coplanar with theface, then this face describes a cross section of the object. As a test,the scalar product between the normal vector of the face and the vectorat all three vertices can be used. If the result is smaller than auser-defined threshold, this face is used to determine points on thecurve-skeleton. If we compute the singularity on one of these faces,then we obtain a point which is part of the curve-skeleton. Note thatsince linear interpolation is used within the face, only a singlesingularity can be present in each face. In case of bifurcations, therewill be two neighboring tetrahedra which contain a singularity, one foreach branch. Additionally, this approach disregards boundary pointswhich are based on noise voxels. In order for a set of boundary pointsto be considered, they need to have gradient vectors that point towardsthe center from at least three different directions. Hence, boundarypoints based on noise voxels are automatically neglected because it isvery unlikely that there are other corresponding boundary points in thevicinity with gradient vectors pointing in the direction of the firstboundary point.

After computing the center points, the vessel diameters are computed foreach center point and all points within the vicinity are identified.From this set of points, only the ones that are within the slice of thevessel used to determine the center point are selected to describe theboundary. The radius is then computed as the average of the distancesbetween the center points and the points on the boundary of the vesselslice.

Once individual points of the curve-skeleton (including thecorresponding vessel diameters) are computed by identifying the focusand spiral singularities within the faces of the tetrahedra, this set ofpoints must be connected in order to retrieve the entire curve-skeleton.Since the tetrahedrization describes the topology of the object, theconnectivity information of the tetrahedra can be used. Thus, identifiedpoints of the curve-skeleton of neighboring tetrahedra are connectedwith each other forming the curve-skeleton. In some cases, gaps willremain due to the choice of thresholds which can be closed using themethod described herein.

Regarding closing gaps within the curve-skeleton, and due to numericaltolerances, sometimes gaps may occur between parts of the curve-skeletonwhich can be filled automatically. Since the tetrahedrization of thepoints on the object's boundary describe only the inside of the object,the algorithm can search for loose ends of the curve-skeleton andconnect these if they are close to each other. In addition, it isverified that the connection stays within the object; i.e., if it iscompletely covered by tetrahedra. To test this, those tetrahedra whichare close to the line connecting the two candidates and potentiallyfilling a gap are identified. Then, the algorithm computes how much ofthe line is covered by those tetrahedra; i.e., what fraction of the lineis contained within the tetrahedra. If all those fractions add up toone, then the line is completely within the object and is a validconnection filling a gap of the curve-skeleton.

The algorithm for extracting curve-skeletons consists basically ofseveral steps. Since the vasculature is given as a volumetric image itsboundary needs to be extracted from the volumetric image based on agradient threshold. To increase accuracy, the points are moved along thegradient direction to achieve sub-pixel precision as previouslydescribed. Then, vectors orthogonal to the vascular boundary surfaceneed to be determined. These can be derived from a least-square fit of aplane of a set of neighboring points and then use its normal vector, orthe gradient vectors since the vasculature is defined by a volumetricimage. Subsequently, the point cloud is tetrahedralized so that theresulting tetrahedra can be used to interpolate the vector field usingthe previously determined vectors at the vertices. Tetrahedra that arelocated outside the object are not considered when extracting thecurve-skeleton. Finally, the topology can be determined on every faceresulting in points on the curve-skeleton. By connecting the pointsfound within two neighboring tetrahedra, the complete curve-skeleton isgenerated as a last step and the diameters computed as the distancebetween the centerline and the boundary surface of the vessel.

The algorithm was tested on a coronary arterial CT image as shown inFIG. 6. The proposed algorithm can extract the curve-skeleton from thevolumetric data set in order to identify the centerlines of the vessels.The resulting curve-skeleton is depicted in FIG. 7. The figure shows thecurve-skeleton as well as the point set defining the vascular boundarywhich was used to find the curve-skeleton. Due to the densely locatedvessels of the RCA tree, the extracted curve-skeleton seems rathercluttered and it is difficult to distinguish between lines at differentdepths. The extracted curve-skeleton, however, exactly describes thecenterlines of the arterial vessels found within the data set. Whenusing a sub-section of the porcine coronary image (shown in FIG. 8A), itcan be seen that the curve-skeleton is well defined and located at thecenter of the arterial vessels (as shown in FIG. 8B).

The method disclosed herein accurately extracts vascular structuresincluding dimensions (diameters and lengths) from volumetric images. Thevalidation of the computed diameters with optical measurements confirmsthe accuracy of the method. The algorithm can extract the main trunk aswell as the entire vascular tree within the scan resolution. Thedisclosure of the present application may be applied to other images andstructures in addition to vascular trees. For example, the presentmethod may be used to study the micro-structure of vessel wall (elastinand collagen). Multi-photon microscopy can be used to visualize elastinand collagen fibers separately. The segmentation scheme outlined herecan also allow us to reconstruct the fiber structure quantitatively.Many other applications are apparent to one having ordinary skill in theart after consideration of the present disclosure. Such otherapplications are also within the scope of the disclosure of the presentapplication.

The foregoing disclosure of the exemplary embodiments of the presentapplication has been presented for purposes of illustration anddescription and can be further modified within the scope and spirit ofthis disclosure. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit thepresent disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. This application istherefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of adevice, system and method of the present application using its generalprinciples. Further, this application is intended to cover suchdepartures from the present disclosure as may come within known orcustomary practice in the art to which this system of the presentapplication pertains. Many variations and modifications of theembodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skillin the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the presentdisclosure is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and bytheir equivalents.

Further, in describing representative embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the specification may have presented the method and/orprocess of the present disclosure as a particular sequence of steps.However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on theparticular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process shouldnot be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one ofordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps maybe possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth inthe specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims.In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of thepresent disclosure should not be limited to the performance of theirsteps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readilyappreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within thespirit and scope of the present disclosure.

1. A method for extracting a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of avessel having a local center and a boundary, the method comprising thesteps of: segmenting vessels within the volumetric image to identify aplurality of points; determining a boundary of the plurality of pointsby moving the points along a gradient direction so that the points arelocated at a maximal gradient; computing a tetrahedrization of theplurality of points located at the maximal gradient along the boundary;computing a vector field of the plurality of points so that the vectorswithin the vector field point inwards toward the local center of thevessel; computing points using topological analysis of the vector fieldto identify center points within the vessel; and connecting the centerpoints based upon topology of the tetrahedrization to create acenterline of the vessel within the volumetric image.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the segmentation step is performed based on volumetricimage gradients.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereby the step of computinga tetrahedrization of a plurality of points utilizes the implementationof a Delaunay tetrahedrization algorithm.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein the step of computing a tetrahedrization of a plurality ofpoints further utilizes tri-linear interpolation within one or moretetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of a plurality of points.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of computing a vector fieldof the plurality of points determines a repulsive force field utilizingpoints on the boundary of the vessel, the repulsive force fieldgenerated by a force field within the vessel by electrically chargingthe boundary of the vessel.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the stepof computing a vector field of the plurality of points defines a vectorby using an identified point and points neighboring the identified pointto define a plane approximated by the identified point and pointsneighboring the point.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the planecomprises a normal, the normal defining an orthogonal vectorcorresponding to the identified point.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherebythe step of computing a vector field of the plurality of points utilizesa vector field defined by three vectors located at the vertices of atriangle.
 9. The method of claim 8, whereby the step of computing avector field of the plurality of points computes barycentric coordinatesof a point within a triangle.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein thebarycentric coordinates are used as weights for linearly combining thethree vectors to compute an interpolated vector.
 11. The method of claim1, wherein the step of computing a vector field of the plurality ofpoints utilizes a computation so that the vectors within the vectorfield are orthogonal to the boundary of the vessel.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the step of computing a vector field of the pluralityof points further utilizes a computation to linearly interpolate thevectors within the vector field.
 13. The method of claim 1, whereby thestep of computing a vector field of the plurality of points utilizes ananalysis of a matrix, whereby the matrix and a vector from the vectorfield describe a linear map.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thevector field is a linear vector field of type 1 and the matrix isdiagonalizable.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the vector field isselected from the group consisting of saddle singularity, nodesingularity, and focus singularity.
 16. The method of claim 13, whereinthe vector field is a linear vector field of type
 2. 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the vector field is selected from the group consistingof center singularity and spiral singularity.
 18. The method of claim13, wherein the vector field is a linear vector field of type
 3. 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the vector field is an improper nodesingularity.
 20. The method of claim 1, whereby the step of computingpoints using topological analysis of the vector field to identify centerpoints within the vessel comprises the computation of a topology of avector field defined on the faces of a tetrahedralized set of points.21. The method of claim 1, whereby the step of computing points usingtopological analysis of the vector field is performed by computingsingularities within the vector field interpolated within each faces ofone or more tetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of a pluralityof points.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of computingpoints using topological analysis of the vector field is performed byidentifying focus singularities and/or spiral singularities within oneor more faces of one or more tetrahedral generated by thetetrahedrization of a plurality of points.
 23. The method of claim 1,whereby the step of computing points using topological analysis of thevector field is performed after the vectors within the vector field areprojected onto one or more faces of one or more tetrahedra generated bythe tetrahedrization of a plurality of points.
 24. The method of claim23, whereby the vectors within the vector field are projected onto oneor more faces of one or more tetrahedra at the vertices of the trianglescomprising one or more tetrahedral, and whereby the step of computingpoints using topological analysis of the vector field comprises linearinterpolation.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the diameter of thevessel at a particular location is computed as the distance between acenter point and a first vessel boundary multiplied by two.
 26. Themethod of claim 25, further comprising the step of comparing thediameter of the vessel at a particular location is computed by themethod to a diameter of the vessel identified by optical measurements todetermine any potential statistical variations between the twodiameters.
 27. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step offilling gaps occurring between center points within the vessel.
 28. Themethod of claim 27, whereby the filling step is performed by identifyingtetrahedral close to a gap having a center point at each end, and bydetermining individual fractions of a line contained within one or moretetrahedra.
 29. The method of claim 28, whereby the gap is filled if thesum of the individual fractions equals one.
 30. The method of claim 1,wherein the diameter of the vessel at a particular location is computedas the distance between a center point and a first vessel boundary plusthe distance between the same center point and a second vessel boundaryopposite the first vessel boundary.
 31. A method for extracting acurve-skeleton, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining avolumetric image of a vasculature; and extracting a boundary of thevolumetric image using a gradient threshold, the boundary comprising aplurality of points.
 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising thestep of moving the plurality of points along a gradient direction. 33.The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of determining aplurality of vectors orthogonal to a surface of the boundary from theplurality of points.
 34. The method of claim 33, whereby the step ofdetermining a plurality of vectors is determined by deriving aleast-square fit of a plurality of neighboring points to the pluralityof points and utilizing a plurality of vectors.
 35. A method fordetermining a curve-skeleton of an object, the method comprising thesteps of: extracting a boundary of the object, the boundary having asurface; computing a vector field, the vector field being orthogonal tothe object's boundary surface; and determining the curve-skeleton byapplying topological analysis to the vector field.
 36. The method ofclaim 35, further comprising the step of automatically closing gapsbetween segments of the curve-skeleton.
 37. The method of claim 35,wherein the extracting step involves the extraction of a vasculature ofa specimen.
 38. The method of claim 37, whereby the extracting stepoccurs only after the specimen has been perfused and CT-scanned.
 39. Themethod of claim 37, whereby the vasculature is defined by a volumetricimage, the volumetric image consisting of voxels aligned along athree-dimensional grid. 40-46. (canceled)
 47. A system for extracting acurve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vessel having a local centerand a boundary, the system comprising: a processor; a storage mediumoperably connected to the processor, the storage medium capable ofreceiving and storing morphometric data; wherein the processor isoperable to: segment vessels within the volumetric image to identify aplurality of points; determine a boundary of the plurality of points bymoving the points along a gradient direction so that the points arelocated at a maximal gradient; compute a tetrahedrization of theplurality of points located at the maximal gradient along the boundary;compute a vector field of the plurality of points so that the vectorswithin the vector field point inwards toward the local center of thevessel; compute points using topological analysis of the vector field toidentify center points within the vessel; and connect the center pointsbased upon topology of the tetrahedrization to create a centerline ofthe vessel within the volumetric image.
 48. The system of claim 47,wherein the segmentation is performed based on volumetric imagegradients.
 49. The system of claim 47, whereby the computation of atetrahedrization of a plurality of points utilizes the implementation ofa Delaunay tetrahedrization algorithm.
 50. The system of claim 49,wherein the computation of a tetrahedrization of a plurality of pointsfurther utilizes tri-linear interpolation within one or more tetrahedragenerated by the tetrahedrization of a plurality of points.
 51. Thesystem of claim 47, wherein the computation of a vector field of theplurality of points determines a repulsive force field utilizing pointson the boundary of the vessel, the repulsive force field generated by aforce field within the vessel by electrically charging the boundary ofthe vessel.
 52. The system of claim 47, wherein the computation of avector field of the plurality of points defines a vector by using anidentified point and points neighboring the identified point to define aplane approximated by the identified point and points neighboring thepoint.
 53. The system of claim 52, wherein the plane comprises a normal,the normal defining an orthogonal vector corresponding to the identifiedpoint.
 54. The system of claim 47, whereby the computation of a vectorfield of the plurality of points utilizes a vector field defined bythree vectors located at the vertices of a triangle.
 55. The system ofclaim 54, whereby the computation of a vector field of the plurality ofpoints computes barycentric coordinates of a point within a triangle.56. The system of claim 55, wherein the barycentric coordinates are usedas weights for linearly combining the three vectors to compute aninterpolated vector.
 57. The system of claim 47, wherein the computationof a vector field of the plurality of points utilizes a computation sothat the vectors within the vector field are orthogonal to the boundaryof the vessel.
 58. The system of claim 57, wherein the computation of avector field of the plurality of points further utilizes a computationto linearly interpolate the vectors within the vector field.
 59. Thesystem of claim 47, whereby the computation of a vector field of theplurality of points utilizes an analysis of a matrix, whereby the matrixand a vector from the vector field describe a linear map.
 60. The systemof claim 59, wherein the vector field is a linear vector field of type 1and the matrix is diagonalizable.
 61. The system of claim 60, whereinthe vector field is selected from the group consisting of saddlesingularity, node singularity, and focus singularity.
 62. The system ofclaim 59, wherein the vector field is a linear vector field of type 2.63. The system of claim 62, wherein the vector field is selected fromthe group consisting of center singularity and spiral singularity. 64.The system of claim 59, wherein the vector field is a linear vectorfield of type
 3. 65. The system of claim 64, wherein the vector field isan improper node singularity.
 66. The system of claim 47, whereby thecomputation of points using topological analysis of the vector field toidentify center points within the vessel comprises the computation of atopology of a vector field defined on the faces of a tetrahedralized setof points.
 67. The system of claim 47, whereby the computation of pointsusing topological analysis of the vector field is performed by computingsingularities within the vector field interpolated within each faces ofone or more tetrahedra generated by the tetrahedrization of a pluralityof points.
 68. The system of claim 47, wherein the computation of pointsusing topological analysis of the vector field is performed byidentifying focus singularities and/or spiral singularities within oneor more faces of one or more tetrahedral generated by thetetrahedrization of a plurality of points.
 69. The system of claim 47,whereby the computation of points using topological analysis of thevector field is performed after the vectors within the vector field areprojected onto one or more faces of one or more tetrahedra generated bythe tetrahedrization of a plurality of points.
 70. The system of claim69, whereby the vectors within the vector field are projected onto oneor more faces of one or more tetrahedra at the vertices of the trianglescomprising one or more tetrahedral, and whereby the step of computingpoints using topological analysis of the vector field comprises linearinterpolation.
 71. The system of claim 47, wherein the diameter of thevessel at a particular location is computed as the distance between acenter point and a first vessel boundary multiplied by two.
 72. Thesystem of claim 71, whereby the processor is further operable to comparethe computed diameter of the vessel at a particular location to adiameter of the vessel identified by optical measurements to determineany potential statistical variations between the two diameters.
 73. Thesystem of claim 47, whereby the processor is further operable to fillgaps occurring between center points within the vessel.
 74. The systemof claim 73, whereby the filling step is performed by identifyingtetrahedral close to a gap having a center point at each end, and bydetermining individual fractions of a line contained within one or moretetrahedra.
 75. The system of claim 74, whereby the gap is filled if thesum of the individual fractions equals one.
 76. The system of claim 47,wherein the diameter of the vessel at a particular location is computedas the distance between a center point and a first vessel boundary plusthe distance between the same center point and a second vessel boundaryopposite the first vessel boundary.
 77. The system of claim 47, furthercomprising a program stored upon the storage medium, said programoperable by the processor upon the morphometric data.
 78. The system ofclaim 47, wherein the system comprises a user system and a serversystem, and wherein the user system and the server system are operablyconnected to one another.
 79. A system for extracting a curve-skeleton,the system comprising: a processor; a storage medium operably connectedto the processor, the storage medium capable of receiving and storingmorphometric data; wherein the processor is operable to: obtain avolumetric image of a vasculature; and extract a boundary of thevolumetric image using a gradient threshold, the boundary comprising aplurality of points.
 80. The system of claim 79, whereby the processoris further operable to move the plurality of points along a gradientdirection.
 81. The system of claim 80, whereby the processor is furtheroperable to determine a plurality of vectors orthogonal to a surface ofthe boundary from the plurality of points.
 82. The system of claim 81,whereby the determination of a plurality of vectors is determined byderiving a least-square fit of a plurality of neighboring points to theplurality of points and utilizing a plurality of vectors.
 83. The systemof claim 79, further comprising a program stored upon the storagemedium, said program operable by the processor upon the morphometricdata.
 84. The system of claim 79, wherein the system comprises a usersystem and a server system, and wherein the user system and the serversystem are operably connected to one another.
 85. A system forextracting a curve-skeleton from a volumetric image of a vessel, thesystem comprising: a processor; a storage medium operably connected tothe processor, the storage medium capable of receiving and storingmorphometric data; wherein the processor is operable to: extract aboundary of the object, the boundary having a surface; compute a vectorfield, the vector field being orthogonal to the object's boundarysurface; and determine the curve-skeleton by applying topologicalanalysis to the vector field.
 86. The system of claim 85, whereby theprocessor is further operable to automatically closing gaps betweensegments of the curve-skeleton.
 87. The system of claim 85, wherein theextraction of a boundary of the object involves the extraction of avasculature of a specimen.
 88. The system of claim 87, wherein theextraction of a boundary of the object occurs only after the specimenhas been perfused and CT-scanned.
 89. The system of claim 87, wherebythe vasculature is defined by a volumetric image, the volumetric imageconsisting of voxels aligned along a three-dimensional grid.
 90. Thesystem of claim 87, further comprising a program stored upon the storagemedium, said program operable by the processor upon the morphometricdata.
 91. The system of claim 87, wherein the system comprises a usersystem and a server system, and wherein the user system and the serversystem are operably connected to one another. 92-100. (canceled)
 101. Aprogram having a plurality of program steps to be executed on a computerhaving a processor and a storage medium to extract a curve-skeleton froma volumetric image of a vessel having a local center and a boundary, theprogram operable to: segment vessels within the volumetric image toidentify a plurality of points; determine a boundary of the plurality ofpoints by moving the points along a gradient direction so that thepoints are located at a maximal gradient; compute a tetrahedrization ofthe plurality of points located at the maximal gradient along theboundary; compute a vector field of the plurality of points so that thevectors within the vector field point inwards toward the local center ofthe vessel; compute points using topological analysis of the vectorfield to identify center points within the vessel; and connect thecenter points based upon topology of the tetrahedrization to create acenterline of the vessel within the volumetric image.
 102. The programof claim 101, wherein the processor is further capable of calculatingthe vessel radius at any given point as the distance between thecenterline of the vessel and the boundary.
 103. A program having aplurality of program steps to be executed on a computer having aprocessor and a storage medium to extract a curve-skeleton from avolumetric image of a vessel having a local center and a boundary, theprogram operable to: obtain a volumetric image of a vasculature; andextract a boundary of the volumetric image using a gradient threshold,the boundary comprising a plurality of points.
 104. A program having aplurality of program steps to be executed on a computer having aprocessor and a storage medium to extract a curve-skeleton from avolumetric image of a vessel having a local center and a boundary, theprogram operable to: extract a boundary of the object, the boundaryhaving a surface; compute a vector field, the vector field beingorthogonal to the object's boundary surface; and determine thecurve-skeleton by applying topological analysis to the vector field.105. (canceled)